Review of Related Literature About Inventory System

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The review of the literature for this study focuses on creating computerize inventory system for Cavite State University Marketing Main Campus. In order to create we need to find some helpfull resources about the study. Related Literature Janes (2001) stated that computers are extremely reliable device and very powerful calculators with some great accessories applications like word processing problem for all of business activities, regardless of size, computers have three advantages over other type of office equipment that process information because computer are faster, more accurate more economical. Reyes (2005) task would be time consuming to accomplish manually and more practical with the aid of†¦show more content†¦For the mere fact that instead of doing things manually, with the use of computer technology everything is done fasters. Huntchinson et.al (2001) stated that file is a collection of related records. Examples are the entire student’s courses card for Anthropology 101 or the transcript of all courses in the register’s office. Sander (2002) computers are an intelligence amplifier that can free human to use their time effectively. Because a computer is a fast and accurate electronic symbol or data manipulating system that design automatically accept and store input data process and procedure output results under the direction of the stored program or instruction. Towsand (2005) stated that database is structed collection of data. The data may be about people, product events in short, any type of information is to manage the collection of data for reporting and making decision. Adamski(2007) give some advantages of database processing first economy of scale getting more information from some amount of data, sharing data balancing conflicting requirement, enforcement of standard, controlled redundancy consisting integrity security ,flexibility and responsiveness ,increase programmers productivity, improve program maintenance and data independence Alcaria (2004) explained that the use of computer are continue to grow, the need for a more timely information and data processing comes on demand keeping the records ofShow MoreRelatedForeign Related Literatures1598 Words   |  7 PagesForeign Review of Related Literatures 1. SalonBooker SalonBooker is the leading online  scheduling,  point-of-sale  and business management software for the beauty industry. Thousands of businesses have joined the GramercyOne family to provide online booking to their customers, manage day-to-day operations and drive new business. SalonBooker is completely  web-based, which makes it available from any computer with a browser and internet connection, anywhere at any time, even via an  smart phoneRead MoreAsdsadsd1327 Words   |  6 Pages2.0 Review of Related Literature Reviews of Related Literature and Studies this includes the ideas, generalization or conclusions, methodologies and others. Those that were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present study. Foreign Literature They develop the system entitled eBarCloud. It’s an inventory management software enables you to perform web-based inventory management and cloud inventory control. It makes it easy to gather dataRead MoreSales and Inventory800 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies NOTE: 1. Please revise the word â€Å"proponents† to â€Å"researcher† since you are just researching and ALONE. 2. Please REVIEW THE SYSTEM. DO NOT JUST DESCRIBE THE SYSTEM AS what you have done to Korean Red Ginseng Enterprise and to the others. Foreign Studies Korean Red Ginseng Enterprise – Sales and Inventory System (J. De Leon, M. Ferrer, 2001) Under the Koread Red Ginseng Enterprise Sales and Inventory System, the researchers came upRead MoreJonics1609 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Review of related literature and studies were conducted which was found to have a great significance to the study are selected and are herein summarized. Foreign Literature One of the biggest challenges of an enterprise is to maintain the appropriate inventories and control its cost of sales. One businessman states that success in business is more than good products; success depends on assigning and monitoring costs of inventory and applyingRead MoreThesis Video Rental on-Line System: a Proposed System to A. 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I kept telling myself, changing to a new system would not really benefit my business that much, and in any event, I dont have the time. A friend of mine, who had gone through the process a year earlier, was kind enough to sit down with me and share how he had handled the changeover process, and some of theRead MoreAn Empirical Analysis Of Supply Chain Risk Management1692 Words   |  7 Pages  Literature Review: Jorn-Henrik Thun and Daniel Hoenig in the paper titled â€Å"An empirical analysis of supply chain risk management in the German automotive industry† applied the practices of supply chain risk management by surveying sixty-seven manufacturing plants in German automotive industry. The need of real empirical research in supply chain risk management to help analyzing supply chain risk and test the previous research proposed instruments that can be applied for supply chain risk managementRead MoreThe Theory Of Constraints Of Lean Thinking1128 Words   |  5 Pageswhich implies, matching cost per unit of production against the value of output or selling price. There have been a number of practices implemented over time that includes statistical process control (SPC), Theory of Constraints (TOC), Just-in-Time inventory management (JIT), Total Quality Management (TQM), Six Sigma, and Total Preventive Maintenance (TPM). Each of these has made a marginal contribution to the mindset of continuous process improvement. Rather than evaluated as separate initiatives, more

To what extent has the eu become a social regime Free Essays

string(103) " deliver member state commitment to the implementation of agreed reforms \(European Commission 2005\)\." Introduction This paper will examine the extent to which the EU has become a social policy regime. The paper will first provide a historical background and development of the EU, identifying key treaties and agreements, where the EU derives its power and exploring the accession criteria. It will also identify EU’s normative position on political stability and human rights, and explore how the accession criterion has formed a conduit for cultural imperialism. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent has the eu become a social regime? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Further, the paper will explore the extent to which it imposes its legislation. In addition, the paper will shed insights on some of the dilemmas that emerge with the social making process which appear to have been a hindrance in social policy making at the EU level. Power of the EU Before exploring further, it is worthwhile discussing the power of the EU. The question to be addressed is: where does the EU derives its powerThe power of the EU lies at the heart of an agreement decided by member states. France and Germany are the two member states which exerted significant influence and played a central role in the formation of the EU. Member states renounced much of their power in favour of the union which gave the union the capacity to enact legislation at the EU level (Ciclet2013). With currently 28 member states including countries from central and Eastern Europe, the EU has grown even stronger in power. The union was established through a series of binding treaties with the aim of ensuring economic progress and promoting peace across the continent of Europe. The union is governed by several key institutions such as the European Commission, European Council, the Council of Ministers, and the European Parliament. Other institutions include the European Central Bank, Court of Justice, and Court of Auditors (Caruso 2007). The Union is organized around all these institutions which play a great role. Accession criteria Certain requirements, however, must be met for countries to become member states. Countries seeking to join the EU as member states must meet certain requirements set out in Article 49 and must conform to the principles laid out in Article 6 (1) of European Union treaty (Clansen 2006). The Copenhagen criteria established in 1993 require countries to meet three criteria in order become member state. Political criteria: this criterion require countries to have stable institutions and to maintain their commitment to the rule of law, guarantee democracy and respect to human rights Economic criteria: – this criterion require countries to have a functioning market economy and to be able to cope with market forces Acquis – The third criterion require countries to have the institutional capacity to implement acquis and accept obligations of membership including compliance to the union’s political and economic decisions (Clansen 2006). How the EU works? The member states of the union work together to set policy and promote collective interests (Archic 2013). They have pooled their sovereignty and ensured harmonization on a multitude of socio-economic policies. Integration has been done in various fields including trade, agriculture, environment and education. Whereas the EU members have shown their commitment towards working with each other through harmonization of laws, decision-making has been a difficult process. The recent economic downturn that saw massive job losses across Europe raised concerns about the role played by the EU in ensuring economic growth. Since part of the core responsibilities of the union was to ensure economic growth and development, many viewed the union as a failed experiment, having failed its most important test. The EU imposed severe austerity measures to member countries that had the largest debts by increasing taxes and making drastic cuts to reduce government debts. Contrary to the predictions of improved growth, such austerity measures led to greater economic downturn as countries forced into austerity measures experienced steep downturns in their economies (Lee 2013). To what extent has the European Union become a social policy ‘regime’ EU social policy appears to have undergone three major growth spurts with the first one evident in the early 1970s when member state governments established a social action programme. The aim of the action program was to improve living conditions, increase employment prospects and involvement of social partners in economic and social decisions at the EU level (Daly 2007). However, this program only left a lasting imprint on areas of work safety and equality in market opportunities. Towards the end of the first period, it became evident how hard it was to have an effective social policy at the EU level. The periods of 1980s and 1990s saw yet another growth spurt in EU social policy. This period was also dominated with labour market issues just like the first growth spurt; but, social policy was conceived differently. There was an imperative need to socially regulate the labour market. This led to the Maastritch Treaty and a related ‘action programme’ (Daly 2007). The treaty lead to improvement of working conditions, addressed the issue of social exclusion (those excluded from labour market), promoted equal treatment and ensured intervention in agenda setting through collective bargaining. However, critics viewed this as a catalogue of underachievement given its non-binding character and that fact that the social charter shifted citizen rights to worker’s rights. Lisbon I The third growth spurt came with the signing of the treaty ofLisbon which laid out an ambitious and inclusive agenda that would see the EU become the most competitive knowledge-based economy (Zeitlin2010). The Lisbon strategy was to ensure sustainable economic growth, greater social cohesion and better employment prospects. In addition to these three core objectives, environmental sustainability was added to the Lisbon strategy in 2001 as the fourth objective. And a new approach to governance at the EU level, the Open Method of Coordination (OMC), was developed. However, Lisbon I came under heavy criticism owing to the multiplication of objectives and its lack of strategic focus. In particular, the OMC was criticized for its failure as a governance instrument, having failed to deliver member state commitment to the implementation of agreed reforms (European Commission 2005). You read "To what extent has the eu become a social regime?" in category "Essay examples" To some extent, these criticisms were justified especially the failure of the OMC as a means for achieving greater convergence towards the Lisbon targets (BorrasJacobsson 2004). On the other hand, it can be argued that the OMC should have been considered a success in fields such as social and employment policy given that it has so far been able to link the social and economic aspects of integration. Further, it was too early to judge its impact in other field areas such as innovation and enterprise promotion given that the method had not yet been fully implemented (LelieVanhercke 2013). Nonetheless, the OMC was seen as a weak instrument of governance and highlighted as one of the failures of the Lisbon strategy. Lisbon II Given the failures with the first strategy, another strategy (Lisbon II) was relaunched in 2005 with the focus on better governance and social protection and inclusion. The main objective of the Lisbon II strategy was to ensure the fusion of European Employment Guidelines and Broad Economic Policy Guidelines to a one integral guideline for growth and jobs (Zeitlin2010). On the social side of the Lisbon II strategy, the focus was on streamlining OMC on social protection and inclusion. The aim was to provide a framework that would ensure that the economic and social aspects mutually reinforce each other. The two were supposed to have a reciprocal relationship whereby the streamlined OMC on social inclusion and protection would feed in ‘to growth and employment objectives, while at the same time, the integrated Guidelines for Growth and Jobs advance social cohesion goals (Zeitlin 2010). However, the above integration proved problematic as it allowed member states to set their own priorities thereby reducing employment policy coordination and monitoring at the EU level.Further, the practical effectiveness of the reciprocal relationship between the social, economic and employment dimensions was limited by the lack of specific institutional mechanisms for overseeing the mutually reinforcing feedback. Lisbon III Given the weakness of the Lisbon II strategy, yet another Lisbon Strategy III was developed in 2008 which focused on strengthening the social dimensions. In the spring of 2007, the EC resolved that each member state’s social objectives had to be incorporated in the agenda. This resulted in a public debate with two countervailing positions: one focusing on better implementation of national reforms and another advocating for the incorporation of social objectives into the integrated guidelines (Zeitlin2010, p.4). The EC finally resolved to strengthen the social dimension by calling for a closer interaction and monitoring of ‘feeding in/feeding out’. The power of the EU has however shifted since the 2009 Lisbon treaty from the political level to the administrative level and even to hands of the bureaucrats(Euranet 2013). A good example of this can be seen in the area of Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP). Whereas there has been an impressive institutional innovation at the EU level, member state’s reluctance to provide adequate capability has been a major hindrance to the delivery of CSDP (Sweeney 2013). It should be noted that member states have decisive control over key institutional bodies and this control is at the expense of strategic clarity which limits the potential of the EU to achieve its policy targets. As pointed out by Mattelaer (2010), institutional innovation even exceeds that of the NATO and the UN which have ensured high level of oversight. However, the effectiveness of this development has been compromised by bureaucratization of the policy area which in turn hinders output legitimacy. EU’s normative position on political stability and human rights Understanding the EU’s normative position in relation to political instability and human rights is also important in this analysis. EU’s normative position on human rights is sketched out in the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 which enshrined common values such as the human rights protection, rule of law and democracy as its priority areas. Countries seeking to join the union must uphold these basic values. The union also emphasize on the importance of good governance, and advocates for social and political reforms. Protecting human rights and ensuring rule of law are part of its core objectives which the union sees as a means of strengthening international order (Hoslag2012) Central to EU’s normative position five core values: rule of law, democracy, peace, liberty and respect for human rights. The union is founded on these core values which are enshrined in the EU legislation and its actions are guided by these principles which it seeks to advance both internally and externally. Promotion of these principles is evident with the EU’s strong influence on the decision to abolish death penalty in a number of states including Turkey, Ukraine, and Poland. And given that other international powers such as China and the US have not abolished death penalty, it is can be made that the EU’s has in its normative power promoted human rights (Tilley 2012). Several treaties have been signed that allows the EU to effectively monitor compliance of member states with human rights. For example, the Nice Treaty was revised to allow interventions in cases of serious violation of human rights but this mechanism collapsed. After the Nice Treaty, the Network of Experts on Fundamental Rights was established and later replaced by the Fundamental Rights Agency. Even with these new developments, the EU’s monitoring capacity was limited by member states restrictions. A prime example can be seen with the arbitrary expulsion of Roma EU citizens from France. Whereas the EU had criticized the move, France ignored these criticisms. Due to pressure from member states to ensure that the rights of Roma EU citizens were protected, France had to change its laws EU (Tilley 2012). However, the legislative changes did not necessarily address the fundamental discrimination that led to the expulsion of Roma EU citizens from France and subsequently may not prevent a reoccurrence of this expulsion. EU criticized of double standards The EU has come under criticism for its poor standards with regard to the protection of human rights. Despite this commitment to human rights protection, there have been concerns that the EU might be having double standards in the promotion of these values. For example, the way the EU treats people from Islamic origin has raised concerns at the Human Rights Council (Toghill 2011). Muslim integration remains a key concern of the European immigration and integration policies. Some countries such as France have imposed a ban on face-covering headwear and others such as Switzerlandhas banned the construction of mosque minarets. Whereas the September 11 attacks shaped world news and heightened Islamic-Western tensions, this does not imply that the Muslims should be treated differently from the others. The ban on burkas and niqabs and the ban on wearing of headscarves in public have put the EU on spotlight .Another example can also be seen with Turkey’s accession to the EU. The EU has remained noncommittal with regard to the accession of Turkey. Despite the country exhibiting compliance with many of the requested reforms, talks seem to have stalled due to the cultural difference, particularly its Islamic status. Since the recent downturn, Turkey’s financial market has exhibited a strong growth and is currently at 7.3% making it the 17th fastest growing nation (Toghill 2011). It thus seems that Turkish accession would strengthen the Union’s power especially given eminent threat from the US and China in terms of growth. Turkey’s accession would be of benefit to the EU. But the union still remains reluctant to accept Turkey as one of its member states. This is a clear indication of a lack of representation with the EU. The EU appears to have representation deficiencies in governance and it seems to have double standards in its commitment to promotion of human rights. Despite the fact that Turkey has made efforts to conform to EU’s official standards, there appears to be no effort made by the union over Turkey’s candidacy. It is clear that the Copenhagencriterion does not represent the whole picture. Even if all political and economic obstacles are lifted and Turkey is deemed to fully conform to this criterion, Turkish membership will still be a controversial issue as it involves the potential accession of a Muslim country (Toghill2011). Accession criteria a conduit for cultural imperialism. This notwithstanding, the accession criteria can be seen as a conduit for cultural imperialism. Whilst the EU’s core objective is to foster peace, ensure political stability and economic progress across Europe, its norms are really cultural imperialism in disguise (Phillips 2013).Given its normative power, the EU may choose to decide on behalf of member states which are not part of the European Community, some form of cultural imperialism. A good example of this can be seen with the French difficulty with Euro Disney. Whilst there was a wider acceptance of theme park in the Euro Disneyland, there was a cultural clash.It appears as if there was some kind of cultural imperialism (Yue 2009). Since Disneyland was found to be one of the top three spots for European tourists who traveled to the US, it was made more â€Å"Americanized† (Yue 2009). Several errors were made with the Disneyland operations which had implications on the French culture. For example, the Disney policy failed to recognize alcohol as a regular beverage yet in French culture, it was considered to be a regular beverage. This alienated the French who decried the threat of ‘cultural imperialism’. After much consideration, the policies were changed and alcohol was allowed in the Euro Disneyland. Another example can be seen with EU’s stance on maintenance of moratorium on whaling. Just recently, the EU environment ministers came to a common agreement that the maintenanceof the moratorium should be upheld (Phillip 2013). Other countries such as Denmark and Nordic are opposed to this move and are instead arguing that it is the right of indigenous communities to do commercial whaling in the Faroe Islands. The EU member states have now taken a united front at an annual meeting of International Whaling Commission and are using all their political, economic,cultural and social powers to ensure that this decision is implemented worldwide. Denmark is calling the move as some form of ‘cultural imperialism’. The move by the EU to decide on behalf of other member states not party to the EU constitutes cultural imperialism. Conclusion EU social policy has indeed drawn heavy criticism in the public due to its perceived lack of substance. It has been dismissed on many accounts due to its slight impact on member state policy. However, it should be noted that making a case for studying EU social policy is not easy and literature is often remarkably divided. On the one hand, there is an imperative need to develop social policy at the EU level. On the other hand, the EU social policy is seen as lacking substance, having only the slightest impact on member state policy. Further, different authors have come to different conclusions about the efficacy of the EU social policy. It is clear from above that the EU has to a large extent become a social policy regime. Having undergone three major growth spurts in its social policy with failures, it is clearly evident how hard it has been to have an effective social policy at the EU level. There is also the shifting power from the political level to the hands of bureaucrats and the impact that bureaucratization of the policy area has had on output legitimacy. The EU has also been found to have double standards in its advocacy of political stability and human rights promotion as evident with Turkey’s accession and the ban of scarves in France. In addition, its accession criteria have been found to be a conduit for cultural imperialism. Reference Archick, K., 2013. The European Union: questions and answers. Congressional Research Service Benton, M. and Nielsen, M., 2013.Integrating Europe’s muslim minorities: public spolicy responses. [viewed on 3rd December 2013} available fromhttp://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=950 Borras, S. and Jacobsson, K., 2004. The open method of co-ordination and new governancpatterns in the EU. Journal of European Public Policy, vol.11 (2), pp.185-208 Caruso, U., 2007. Interplay between the Council of Europe, OSCE, EU and NATO. EURAC Research Ciclet, E., 2013. Does the lisbon treaty effectively limitthe power of the European UnionEconomic Affairs, vol.33 (2) Clasen, J., 2006. Comparative social policy and the European Union Daly, M., 2007.Whither EU social policyAn Account and assessment of developments in the Lisbon Social Inclusion Process. UK: Cambridge University Press Daly, M., 2012.EU social policy: developments in the field and insights for the study of social policy .American Consortium on European Union Studies. Esenturk, N., 2013. EU social policy: progressive development in legal and governance aspects. Turkey: Istanbul Fraile, M. and Mauro, D., 2010.the economic crisis and public opinion about Europe. [viewed on 2nd December 2013] available from http://www.eui.eu/Projects/EUDO-PublicOpinion/Documents/11-12-SpotlightEUDO.pdf Holsag, J., 2012. Europe‘s normative disconnect with the emerging powers. BICCS Asia Paper, vol.5 (4) Lear, J., Mossialos, E. and Karl, B., 2008. EU competition law and health policy: in health systems governance in Europe. Euro Observer 10 (3), 1-3 Lee, B., 2013. The European Union: a failed experiment. [viewed on 2nd December 2013] available fromhttp://blogs.hbr.org/2013/06/the-european-union-a-failed-ex/ Lelie, P. and Vanhercke, B., 2013. Inside the Social OMC’s Learning Tools: How  « Benchmarking Social Europe  » really worked. Working paper no. 10 Mattelaer, A., 2010. The CSDP mission planning process of the European Union: innovations and shortfalls’ in Vanhoonacker, S., Dijkstra, H. Maurer, H., (eds). Understanding the role of bureaucracy in the European Security and Defence Policy, European IntegrationOnline Papers (EloP), Special Issue 1, vol. 14 O’Connor, J.S., 2003. Measuring Progress in the European Social Model: Policy Co-ordination, Social Indicators and the Social Policy Agenda in the European Union. Northern Ireland Phillips, L., 2013. EU accused of ‘cultural imperialism’ on whaling. {Viewed on 2nd December 2013} available from http://euobserver.com/social/26290 Sweeney, S., 2013.Common security and defence policy after lisbon: bureaucratic politics and the marginalization of foreign policy or who wants to be a foreign ministerUniversityof York Thomson, R. and Hosli, M., 2006. Who has power in the EUThe commission, council and parliament in legislative decision-making. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Tilley, R., 2012. Normative power Europe and human rights: a critical analysis. University of Leeds. Policy Journal, Vol. 7, p. 450-481 Toghill, J., 2011. Are the official economic and political obstacles to Turkey’s EU accession merely a‘fig leaf’ covering real unofficial cultural and religious reservationsUniversity of Leeds Yue, W., 2009. The fretful Euro Disneyland. International Journal of Marketing studies, Vol. 1 (2) Zeitlin, J., 2010. EU policy coordination beyond 2010: Towards inclusive governance architecture How to cite To what extent has the eu become a social regime?, Essay examples

Mothers Against Drunk Driving free essay sample

This essay is about a nationally known lobbying group known as MADD or Mothers Against Driving. This is an organization that was first created by a woman named Candy Lightner whom in 1980 tragically lost her daughter to a repeat offense drunk driver. This organization or lobbying group works very hard and whose goal is to keep drivers off the road who have had too much to drink and to also make sure that drunk driving laws are enforced. The thesis statement is â€Å"Mothers Against Drunk Driving has arguably been one of the most successful public-health grassroots citizen advocacy organizations in the United States in the past century. †(Fell and Voas). This whole idea of MADD started years ago when Candy Lightner’s daughter Cari, was walking with her friend and was struck and killed by a man who left the scene of the accident, and was drunk driving. After she was told that he actually was only out of jail for two days after being arrested for another hit- and- run drunk- driving crash. We will write a custom essay sample on Mothers Against Drunk Driving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His record had reflected three other arrests-two resulted in convictions and one was reduced to a reckless driving offense. It was soon after this that Candy Lightner and a few friends started MADD to fight against drunk drivers. The first chapter that was started in Maryland was by another woman named Cindi Lamb who was trying to fight the fact that her five month old daughter became paralyzed by a repeat drunk driver offender as well. The two women were brought together by a press secretary to congress and had a news conference that brought a lot of attention to this impaired-driving problem that is everywhere. Soon all over the nation Candy Lightner was contacted to comment on high profile cases. This lobbying group was incorporated in 1980 as a California corporation. † By June of 1981 it had achieved IRS tax-free status: later in the year, it received$100,000 in private funds. † Articles on the organization appeared in many magazines and newspapers out there such as Los Angeles Times, Family Circle. Candy was the guest on many talk shows such as The Today Show, Phil Donahue and others. â€Å"With the great increase in media attention to the impaired-driving problem and the surge in alcohol legislation in the 1980’s, there was a heartening reduction in alcohol- related fatal crashes between 1980 an 1995. †(NHTSA, 1995). MADD had developed a strong capability to respond to the growing press and interest in this ever growing problem. This part of the essay contains the claim and some of the background. There is a lot of evidence both qualitative and quantitative in MADD’s effect on the impaired-driving problem we have in our America. â€Å"There is general acceptance of the relationship between laws, their enforcement, and public education on driver perceptions of the risk of being caught for DUI (driving under the influence) which affect public attitudes toward impaired driving. †(Gladwell, 2001). MADD founder Candy has been invited to speak at the formal signing of each of the legislative bills. Six of the most important pieces of alcohol safety legislation are MLDA 21 laws, zero tolerance for youth laws,. 08BAC limit laws,ALS laws, illegal per se laws and increased sanctions for repeat drunk driving offenders. MADD’s support has hastened the adoption of the legislative laws. This is part of the three tiered approach to the ending of drinking and driving. At the community level, MADD has chapters that help support police enforcement activities when it comes to strong DUI enforcement and rewarding police officers who make the most DUI arrests. Before MADD offenders were given light sentences but now there is a lot of court monitoring by MADD to assure offenders gets there just do. This part of the essay contains some of the background and body, along with supporting evidence and data and scholarly research. An opposing view to MADD comes from the American Beverage Licenses or (ABL). This organization represents beer, wine and spirits retailers in the U. S. They have made many anti-MADD statements as well as criticizing General Motors. One of the claims that the ABL has made is that MADD targets social drinkers†ABL claims that MADD would have you arrested if you had a glass of wine with dinner and then driven safely home or if you had a cocktail with your friends after work before heading home. They also claim that MADD wants to criminalize the 40 million adults that responsibly enjoy a glass of wine with dinner or a beer at a ball game and drive safely home. †(Hingson and Winter, 2003) This is simply not a true statement. MADD is just in support to the lowering of blood alcohol levels to 0. 08 and that is not reached by a glass of wine or from one beer. This level is reached by an average male size who consumes 4 drinks in 1 hour or by an average sized female consuming 3 drinks. Social drinking does not attain to a blood alcohol level of 0. 08. General Motors is viewed as being a support for MADD but ABL claims that General Motors should be held accountable for supporting MADD. This could be viewed as a rebuttal to the opposing view of ABL. In Conclusion there is a lot of evidence that MADD has helped so many victims of drunk driving and they give so much of their time providing not only emotional support but also victim assistance programs and court accompaniments and that is why this lobbying group is so very important to a lot of people and in helping so many.

Functions of English Adjectives and Their Equivalents in Vietnamese Language Essays

Functions of English Adjectives and Their Equivalents in Vietnamese Language Essays Functions of English Adjectives and Their Equivalents in Vietnamese Language Paper Functions of English Adjectives and Their Equivalents in Vietnamese Language Paper such as the blind, the dead, the deaf, e. g. : The rich get richer and the poor get poorer. (1) This wing of the hospital is reserved for the critically ill. The British and the French do not always understand each other. (Examples from sites. google. om) In the example 1, it means that all rich people get richer and all poor people get poorer. The rich and the poor do not refer to Just one person or to a small group. They do not denote one person the rich man or the poor man. It often refer to a general word for human beings likes people. And, people is normally omitted and the use of the rich and the poor as heads of the noun phrases or without noun. According to researchers These adjectives functioning as nouns always have generic reference, do not inflect for number or the -s genitive, and require a singular verb. (sites. google. om) Type 2: Adjectives representing or substituting nouns (i. e. as pronouns). The noun heads in such sentences are omitted. It could be easily recog nized from context (usually in the receding clause); it can have specific or generic reference and be singular or plural e. g. : Do you prefer Irish coffee or Turkish (coffee)? We ordered mashed potatoes, but he served us boiled (potatoes). The red dress is prettier, but the green (dress) suits her better. (Examples from sites. google. com) c. Compound adjective: Compound adjective is a combination of two or more words and functions as an adjective. Compound adjective could be a word or words with the insertion of This depends of the style of the language users: One word Words with s Noun + Adjective snow-white (trng nhl_r tuy? ©t), knee-deep ( s? ¤u d? ©n d? ¤u g? ¶i), pitch-dark (t? ¶i den nhLr mVc), world-wide (khp th? © gidi), noteworthy (d? ¤ng ch Y) Noun + Past participle handmade (l? ¤m bng tay) ,moss-covered (b! ? ©u ph), lion-hearted (dung m? ¤nh nhLr scr tdr), heartbroken (dau long), homegrown (nh? ¤ tr? ¶ng), heart-warming (vui v? ©) Adverb + Adjective everlasting (vinh cdru), well-educated ( c? ¶ gi? ¤o duc t? ¶t),ill-bred = ill-educated ( v? ¶ gi? ¤o vc), newly-lit = newly-born (mdi sinh) Adjective + Adjective . blue-black (xanh den), white-hot (cVc n? ¶ng), red-hot (nong d), dark-brown (n? ¤u dam), worldly-wise (ttrng tri) Hyphenated adjectives (Tinh tlr k? ©p bng d? ¤u gech ngang) A four-year-old girl = The girl is four years old. A ten-store building = The building ha s ten stores. Adjective + Noun Long-eared : c? ¶ tai d? ¤i, Blue-eyed : c? ¶ mt xanh Adverb / Adjective + V + ing Good-looking (d? © nhin), bad-looking (kh? ¶ cot), nice-looking (Xinh xn), ill-smelling (mi kh? ¶ ngdn), slow-moving (di chuy? ©n chem) (From www. tienganh. com. vn) d. Adjective order: In English, people usually use more than one adjective before a noun † for example, an old square wooden table or Shes a small thin Canadian lady. When more than one adjective present at the same time, there is a rule to put them in a correct order, depending on their types. Look at the table to see basic types od adjectives the rule of orders for English adjectives: The basic types of adjectives Opinion An opinion adjective explains what you think about something (other people may not agree with you). For example: silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult Size A size adjective, of course, tells you how big or small something is. For example: large, tiny, enormous, little Age An age adjective tells you how young or old something or someone is. For example: ancient, new, young, old Shape A shape adjective describes the shape of something. For example: square, round, flat, rectangular Color A color adjective, of course, describes the color of something. For example: blue, pink, reddish, grey Origin An origin adjective describes where something comes from. For example: French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek Material A material adjective describes what something is made from. For example: wooden, metal, cotton, paper Purpose nd with -ing. For example: sleeping (as in sleeping bag), roasting (as in roasting tin) Some examples of adjective order silly young English man huge round metal bowl small red sleeping bag (From web2. vcs. uvic. ca) 1. What is an adjective in Vietnamese? As in English, Vietnamese adjectives describes characteristics, the nature of things, activities, status. According Nguy? ©n T? ¤i can (NgCr ph? ¤p Ti? ©ng Vlet, 2001) adjectives are words expressing characteristics about quality, property, color, smell, taste and relationship between noun and pronoun. For examples: xinh, v? ¤ng, thom, to , gii,.. . Semantics functions of Vietnameses adjectives: Stative and dynamic adjectives: In Vietnamese, there are also stative and dynamic adjectives. The stative adjectives often describe stative qualities such as x? ¤u, t? ¶t, b? ©n, dep, n? ¶ng, xanh, d? ¤i, h? ¶ng The dynamic adjectives have tendency to show state such as bu? ¶n, y? ©u, met, vui, henh phc 3. Syntactic functions of Vietnamese adjectives: a. Adjective-itself and adjective-not-itself: Categorizing adjectives in Vietnamese is different form some other language. There are usually some adjectives are played by other classes of words like nouns and erbs. For examples, cu? ©c s? ¶ng n? ¶ng th? ¶n in this phrase n? ¶ng th? ¶n could be seen as a noun or an adjective. Or in the phrase th? ¤i d? © ph? ¤n biet d? ¶i x, ph? ¤n biet d? ¶i xdr could be considered as a verb or an. According to L? © Dinh TLr, Vietnamese adjectives can be divided into two types: Adjective-itself (tinh tlr tg th? ¤n) Adjective-itself describes characteristic, color, size, shape, sound, taste, degree, volume of a person or a thing. For examples: Characteristics: t? ¶t, x? ¤u, sech, ban, dng, Sai, h? ©n nh? ¤t. Color: xanh, d, tim, v? ¤ng, x? ¤m, den, trng, n? ¤u. Size: cao, th? ¤p, ? ©ng, hep, d? ¤i, ngn, to, nh, b? ©, kh6ng lb, ti hon, mng, d? ¤y. Shape: vu? ¶ng, tr? ¶n, Cong, thng, quanh co. Sound: On, On ? ¤o, tr? ¤m, b6ng, vang. -Tasting/smell: thom, th? ¶i, h? ¶i, cay, n? ¶ng, ngqt, dng, Chua, tanh. Adjective-not-itself (tinh tlr kh? ¶ng tg th? ¤n) Adjective-not-itself are verbs and nouns used as an adjective. This type can be determined depending on the context. If these adjectives are separated from the co ntext, they are not adjectives. According to L? © Dinh TLr, when using noun and verb as adjectives, the word would bring out a little different mean from its original, usually more general. For example, h? ¤nh d? ©ng ? ¤n curdp h? ¤nh Ong means an act, action ? ¤n curdp means to rob The phrase refer to an act which is too bad, too serious that could be compared with robbing, not a real robbery. From Le Dinh Tus opinion, in Vietnamese, there two types of adjective-not-itself: * Adjective transformed from noun. For examples: c? ¶ng nh? ¤n (trong: vi xanh c? ¶ng nh? ¤n); nh? ¤ qu? © (trong: c? ¤ch s? ¶ng nh? ¤ qu? ©); cdra quy? ©n (trong: th? ¤i d? © cdra quy? ©n); st d? ¤ (trong: tr? ¤i tim st d? ¤); c? ¶n d? ¶ (trong: h? ¤nh Ong c? ¶n d? ¶). * Adjective transformed from verb. For examples: Chey l? ¤ng (trong: h? ¤i d? © Chey l? ¤ng); d kich (trong: tranh d kich); phn d? ¶i (trong: thur phn d? ¶i); bu? ¶ng th (trong: l? ¶i s? ¶ng bu? ¶ng th). b. Adjectives as noun phrase heads: In Vietnamese, adjective could be used as a noun: T? ¤n t? ¤t Ngurdi tan tat M? ¤u d Gi? ¤u Ngurdi gi? ¤u From the examples, we can see that an Vietnamese adjective functions as a noun when it is combined with an appropriate determiner (ngurdi, m? ¤u .. ). c. Compound adjective: According to L? © Dinh TLr, Vietnamese compound adjective could be established through these following ways: Combine an adjective with an adjective. For example: Xinh dep, cao ldn, to b? ©o, dng cay, ngay thng, mau ch? ¶ng, kh? ¶n ngoan, ngu d? ¤n. Combine an adjective with a noun. For example: m? ©o mieng, to gan, c(rng d? ¤u, c(rng c6, ngn ng? ¤y, v? ¤ng chanh Combine an adjective with a verb. For example: kh? ¶ hi? ©u, d? © chlu, chem hi? ©u, d? © cot, kh? ¶ n? ¶i. Reduplicate the original adjective, maybe the whole adjective or Just part of it. For example: den, tr? ¤ng trng, do d, v? ¤ng v? ¤ng, n? ¤u n? ¤u; sech s? ©, may mn, chem chep, nhanh nhen, dt d. d. Adjective order: The position of adjective in Vietnamese is more flexible. We can change the position mong adjectives without changing the meaning of the phrase. For example: C? ¤i b? ¤n m? ¤u den bng gd c? ¤i b? ¤n bng gd m? ¤u den C? ¤y thurdc d? ¤i m? ¤u trng bng nh? ¶m => cay thurdng bng nh? ¶m d? ¤i m? ¤u den There is no fixed principle for the order of adjectives in Vietnamese A Contrastive Analysis between English and Vietnamese Adjectives 1 . In terms of semantics: From the overview, we can see it is not much different between adjectives in English and Vietnamese in terms of semantics. They are all used to describe about quality, property, color, smell, taste and relationship between noun and pronoun. . In terms of syntactic: a. Attributive and predicative adjectives In general, both English adjectives and Vietnamese adjectives can function as attributive and predicative. For examples: Bn Ch l? ¤ sv k? ©t hqp ho? ¤n ho hai m? ¶n ? ¤n durqc y? ©u thich trong ma he: th! t nurdng v? ¤ salad (dura g? ¶p, rau s? ¶ng). Di? ©u d? ©c biet thu ht thvc kh? ¤ch kh? ¶ng chi tlr nhCmg vi nurdng ch thom ltrng tr? ©n b? ©p than m? ¤ c? ¶n nm d b? ¤t m_rdc ch? ¤m d? ©m d? ¤ Chua, cay, men, ngqt. (http://vnexpress. net/) In this example, ho? ¤n ho , thom ltrng, d? ¶m d? ¤ chua cay, men, ngqt function as a ttributive to the head noun sv k? ©t hqp, nhCmg vi nurdng ch, b? ¤t ncrdc ch? ¤m Another example: V! nh He Long l? ¤ noi IY turdng d? © tho? ¤t khi cu? ©c s? ¶ng ph? ¶ th! t? ¤p nap, chen chc d? ©n ng? ©p thd ngo? ¤i kia. In this case, IY turdng is a predicative to subject Ninh He Long. However, there are some differences. Attributive adjectives in English are put immediately before the noun and vice versa for the Vietnamese. For examples: C? ¶? ¤y l? ¤ m? ©t ngurdi phu nCrxinh dep. She is a beautiful lady. My teacher has black curly hair Th? ¤y t? ¶i c? ¶ m? ¤i toc xon den In order words, when translating from English to Vietnamese, functions of adjectives Vietnamese A red hat M? ¶t c? ¤i non d A wonderful movie M? ©t b? © phim tuyet vdi A romantic song M? ©t b? ¤i h? ¤t l? ¤ng men A very kind man M? ©t ngurdi d? ¤n Ong r? ¤t tdr t? © b. Adjective as a noun phrase head Both English and Vietnamese adjectives can function as a noun phrase head but there are differences between them. In English, for adjective to function as head of a noun phrase, it is usually combined with a determiner the (this is for the Type 1 only), as in Vietnamese, we can add an appropriate pre-modifier to the noun. Like all oun phrases, they can be subject, object, complement and complement of a preposition. For example: Those kinds of adjectives can denote plural and generic references, classes, categories or types of people. The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Ngurdi gi? ¤u ng? ¤y c? ¤ng gi? ¤u v? ¤ ngurdi ngh? ©o ng? ¤y c? ¤ng ngh? ©o Theres a widening disparity between the young and the old. C? ¶ m? ©t sv kh? ¤c biet ldn giCra ngurdi gi? ¤ v? ¤ ngurdi tr? © ( th? © he tr? ©) However, in English, these adjectives are restricted to denote plural and generic references, classes, categories or types of people. Therefore, the rich cannot denote one person. While, in Vietnamese, when expressing plural nouns, we must add the pre-modifier nhCmg nhCmg ngurdi gi? ¤ the old nhCmg ngurdi gi? ¤u the rich nhCmg ngurdi tan tat the disabled c. Compound adjectives Compound adjectives in English and Vietnamese are having nearly the same functions and forms. Both are a combination of an adjective with another class of word (even an adjective). There is one little difference is that English compound adjectives sometimes have a - between words. d. Adjective order Adjectives always function as attributive in both English and Vietnamese as mentioned above. However, their positions in a sentence are different. There are usually series of adjectives presenting at the same time to modify a noun. In English, the order of these adjective must be regulated by a fixed rule. purpose While, the order of Vietnamese adjectives is more flexible. In Vietnamese, adjective which appears near the head noun often plays the most important role. Look at these examples: A smart tall young Korean man M? ©t anh ch? ¤ng H? ¤n qu? ¶c tr? © cao to dep trai M? ©t anh ch? ¤ng tr? © H? ¤n Qu? ¶c dep trai cao to M? ©t anh ch? ¤ng dep trai H? ¤n Qu? ¶c tr? © cao to Implication For an English teacher, from the researcher, there are some aspect that could help in eaching English to Vietnamese student: Firstly, the order of adjectives In English and Vietnamese are different, therefore, students usually make mistake when translating the text. For example: M? ©t c? ¤i b? ¤n dt ti? ©n A table expensive. This is a common mistake among Vietnamese learners. Therefore, there must be more intention in this section. Secondly, there are many similarities between English adjectives and Vietnamese adjective, such as compound nouns, use age of adjective as a head of noun. Knowing this can facilitate the teaching process in the class. For example: eacher could give an equivalent word in Vietnamese compound to an English vocabulary while trying to explain the meaning of the word. Thirdly, the use of adjective as a noun might be new to many learners. They might confuse why red could be a noun and an adjective but rich or poor cannot, unless they are preceded by a determiner the. Teacher should pay more attention to this usage of adjective. For an English learner, when using an adjective, the order is very important. Mistaking this in communicating could be and embarrassing moment, and, learners should never translate to English directly from their first language. References Adjectives (gradable / non-gradable)(n. d. ). Retrieved from http:// learnenglish. ritishcouncil. org/en/grammar-reference/ad]ectives-gradable-non- gradable Adjective Order (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://web2. uvcs. uvic. ca/elc/ studyzone/410/grammar/adJord. htm Adjectives as noun phrase heads (n. d. ). Retrieved from https://sites. google. com/site/agrammaroferrors/l-l-the-noun-phrase/ 1-5 Albert, H. (2010). Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English Dictadv Series (8th ed. ) . Oxford: Oxford University Press Attributive and predicative adjectives (2012). Retrieved from http:// www. ingforum. com/forum/viewtopic. php? Retrieved from http://elearning. ccnu. edu. cn/ermsweb/libs/cwlib/%E8%AF%AD %E6%B3%95A/unit10/web/4. htm Compound adjectives (2009). Retrieved from http:// www. tienganh. com. vn/showthread. php? 26635-Compound-AdJectives L? ©, T. (2011 , February). Tinh tlr ti? ©ng Viet. Retrieved from http://ngnnghc. wordpress. com/tag/tinh-t Nguy? ©n, C. (1999). Ngcr ph? ¤p Ti? ©ng Viet. H? ¤ Net: NXB hoc Qu? ¶c Gta. V, N. (2013, June). Bn ch lot top 10 m? ¶n ngon ma h? © ca CNN. Retrieved from http://vnexpress. net/gl/xa-hoi/du-lich/2013/06/bun-cha-lot-top-10-mon-ngon-mua-he- cua-cnn/

List of Persuasive Techniques to Win Any Debate

List of Persuasive Techniques to Win Any Debate Its happened to everyone. You got into a heated discussion with someone over a serious topic but left feeling like you had lost the argument. Even if you have sound ideas in your head, getting them across effectively takes skill and practice. Here are nine tips on persuading your opponent and winning that next debate. Be Informed It may seem obvious, but if you dont know a lot about the matter being discussed, youre not likely to make a strong case for your opinion. Its not enough to say, Movie X is ridiculous, or Book Y is stupid. If you cant offer facts to back up your statements, you will come across as nothing more than a bag of hot air. Be Confident Even if you have statistics and other hard facts to back up your opinion, they wont make an impression if you deliver them weakly. The moment you appear to be unsure of yourself, your opponent will move in for the kill, and once you lose your footing, you may not be able to recover from the blow. Even if youre arguing something thats blatantly wrong, delivering your message confidently may be enough to win at least some spectators over to your side. Be Open-Minded As the long-running TV show Criminal Minds asserts, To catch a killer, you have to think like one. Likewise, to argue effectively, you need to understand how your opponent thinks and why he or she believes strongly in their viewpoint. Understanding your opponents angle will help you be more respectful, and paradoxically, this will help you make more intelligent statements. If you think your opponent is being stupid or silly, youre less likely to get to the crux of the issue and win the argument. Be Logical If you havent yet taken a logic class, be sure to register for one during your college career. Youll learn invaluable skills that will serve you in your career and your personal life. In general, be sure not to contradict yourself. Refer back to your earlier statements, and be ready to point out fallacies in your opponents logic. Be Attentive A good argument is about what you say and what you hear. If youre not paying attention to what your opponent says, you may not come up with effective counterarguments. You could also miss key opportunities to break down your opponents case. While its tempting to think about what youre going to say next, remember that theres no timer in a real-life debate. Listen carefully. You can always take a few moments before responding. Be Inquisitive A good argument includes not only statements, but also questions. Think about how a trial lawyer questions witnesses in the courtroom to elicit desired information. Use well-timed and well-phrased questions to break down your opponents argument. Ask if the person has any facts to back up his or her claims. Ask hypothetical questions to illustrate a poor idea. You can also question your opponents motivation by saying things such as, Why are you so rigid about this issue? Be Reasonable If your opponent should happen to point out a flaw in your own argument, concede gracefully. Defending a glaring error will not help you win the overall argument. Rather, use the opportunity to make an Okay, but†¦ type of response. The balls in your court, so distract the opponent (and any audience) from the mistake and get things back on track. Be Focused Choose your battles. Focus on your stronger evidence, and eliminate the weaker. Its better to make fewer valid points than to make many dubious ones. If skilled, your opponent will quickly swoop down on your less effective statements and break down your argument. One or two solid points are difficult to pick apart. Be Provocative By that, we dont mean stripping down to your underwear during a debate- although that would certainly serve as a temporary distraction! Instead, you can find subtle ways to anger your opponent. Once that person loses his or her temper, he or she may lose their grip on their solid argument. As soon as they falter, you can take advantage of their weakness. Or your opponent may become so angry that he or she withdraws from the argument, which makes you appear to have won. Finally, try to stay calm yourself. Once you blow your top, your debating skills will become impaired, and your whole case may be derailed. Theres no reason to lose your temper, even if you outright lose an argument. Examine what went wrong so you can do your best to change the outcome next time around.

Privacy and Internet Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Privacy and Internet Policy - Essay Example Identity theft is not a new happening. It has been around for ages now and have transformed from using the names of deceased people for voting or turning to crime that is against the social welfare. The surge of pre-approved credit cards, pre-approved loans and unsolicited credit card checks along with the ease of accessibility and reach of the Internet has made identity theft a crime that can fool anyone and lead to overwhelming financial costs for the victims (Stanley, 2008). James Moor (2009) observes that a policy vacuum exists regarding the usage of computer technology. The increased range of opportunities that computers provide also necessitates the development of more comprehensive policies to guide actions. Advancement in technology has given rise to greater vulnerabilities in the security of systems; this has been the case for websites too. Due to the chances of access by unauthorized agents, websites often develop web privacy policies. Internet policies can be used by a num ber of bodies ranging from companies and schools to web based sellers and vendors. Regardless of how dedicated or vaguely controlled the web servers, the level of risk that these bodies are exposed to and their adherence to an Internet privacy policy is not the same. If companies do not observe a concrete security system for the protection of information, then the gap between the intended level of security and identity theft protection system is widened and manifests itself when a security breach occurs. It needs to be emphasized that the range of attacks and risks to the system from outside sources is very diverse and complicated. Web-based attacks such as identity theft, common gateway interface code etc lead to drastic consequences internal intrusion, receipt or dissemination of a malicious code, decrease in the security fortressed by network security procedures and misrepresentation and authentication problems. Moreover if a system is exposed to high levels of internet identity theft, people would not trust the system anymore (Vacca, 2003). There are various measures that are employed to protect the web sources from intrusions and identity theft. According to Vacca (2003) one of this is the development and effective enforcement of an Internet policy which is meant to cover and develop management, usage and processes associated with configuration in the context of identity theft protection. Internet service providers should take into account the privacy legislation policy and should be able to not only understand it but also comply with it. Vacca argues that one of the best practices for online identity theft protection is openness, for which companies need to make identity theft policies and practices mandating the management of personal information in an open yet responsible manner. The website of the company should encompass an accurate and comprehensive identity theft policy. In particular, the privacy policy should coherently divest the responsibilitie s of organization as well as the information practices. The government places great emphasis on the protection of financial businesses, workplaces etc against identity theft. A privacy policy serves three main purposes. It tells the user about the information and security policies of the company. It gives the consumer information about the range of options that he has

The World is becoming flatter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The World is becoming flatter - Assignment Example I believe that we are better informed in today’s information society because we have a lot of communication and learning tools that have been introduced to us through the use of information technology. Schools and colleges are implementing the use of ICT tools so that students can get equipped with the most modern technological tools which help them enhance their learning process. Matthews and Schrum (2003, p.125) have found that children, who incorporate the use of IT in their education or those who take help from the internet for research purposes, get higher GPAs than those who are not familiar with IT or who get distracted when they are online. Internet is being widely used in research and development purposes and the new softwares and applications that are coming in the market with each passing day tend to make us better informed about the world and ourselves. One example is that people can learn about diseases through the internet and ways to cope with them too. This hel ps them make decisions about their health. All of these facts prove that the world is becoming flatter, because every opportunity and facility is being offered to us right at our